Preparation of Bill of Quantities (BOQ) in Civil Engineering

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Introduction: When you begin any creation challenge, clear price records and a obvious scope of work are vital. A Bill of Quantities (BOQ) offers owners, contractors, and project groups the realistic data they want to devise budgets, arrange resources, and run fair bids. Prepared by means of amount surveyors or experienced estimators, a BOQ is an in depth listing that describes every work object, shows the portions required, and affords unit charges so the very last assignment price can be predicted and in comparison. For most creation projects, a well-established BOQ reduces ambiguity in tendering, enables avoid later disputes, and creates a economic roadmap in the course of the work. This article gives clear facts on why a BOQ matters, the step-through-step manner to put together one, the important thing components to include, and great practices you may follow in your next assignment. See the example BOQ and downloadable template under to get started out. What is a Bill of Quantitie...
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TYPES OF FOOTINGS IN CONSTRUCTION

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Different Types of Footings in Construction 

In construction, the term the “footing” refers to a structure in which the essential part of a building or its load is distributed and supported to the foundation soil. Footings enhance stability, prevent settlement, and guarantee structural integrity. There are several types of structures, each designed to a precise soil condition, load importance and structural composition. Engineers, architects, and builders in the construction industry must understand the different types of footings. 

Types of Footing in Construction:

·       Continuous Footing

·       Pile Footing

·       Isolated Footing

·       Combined Footing

·       Mat or Raft Footing

·       Strap Footing

·       Spread footing 


Continuous Footing

Continuous footing, or strip footing, extend continuously underneath a number of columns in a line. This footing is applied if a series of columns is closely spaced. Continuous footing construction aids in the distribution of loads equally along the length of the footing, and it gives stability while minimizing the possibility of differential settlement.

Pile Footing

Pile footing consist of embedding long, thin columns (piles) in the ground to a level where there is stable soil. Pile footing construction is employed if the topmost soil is weak or compressible and therefore not practical for using conventional footings. Piles transfer the structure’s load down to more stronger, more stable soil or bedrock layers found deeper underground. Pile footing is employed in high-rise buildings, bridges, and waterfront structures.

Isolated Footing

These footings are designed to hold up individual columns and in general are square, rectangle or round in shape. The Isolated Footing is used when the columns are extending from each other or isolate footing is required for each column. Isolated footings divide the force of the column down over a large area of the soil therefore it prevents any kind of settlement. It is mainly used for framed structures in which the load concentrated at a particular point.

Combined Footing

Combined footings support two or more columns in cases where the columns are close enough that their individual footings will overlap. Combined footing construction is utilized when the conditions of space limitation or distribution of loads require a combination solution. Combined footings tend to be trapezoidal or rectangular and are made to distribute equally the loads of several columns to the ground.

Mat or Raft Footing

Mat footings or raft foundations consist of a massive concrete slab that supports the entire building. Mat footing construction is employed when column or wall loads are so great that it would be impractical to have individual footings. Mat footings are well-suited for low-bearing capacity soils and are typically employed in big buildings, industrial buildings, and high-groundwater areas.

Strap Footing

Strap footings, well known as cantilever footings, are implemented when columns are located near a property line, offering minimum clearances for a traditional footing In this arrangement, the belt beam connects the outdoor footing to the interior footing. This beam transmits loads from the columns near the boundary to the interior, helping to ensure overall stability.

Spread footing

Spread footing is similar to an isolated base, but is designed to distribute loads over a wide area. It is usually used in places where floor support is less capable. Spread footings is likely to come in circular shapes, square, rectangular and are commonly used in both residential and commercial construction.

Conclusion

In Conclusion every kind of footing, whether it is wall, strip, raft or pile footing has its own specific function and is selected according to the soil conditions, load requirements and structural design. Proper footing construction is important to distribute the loads effectively thereby minimizing the chance of settlement and eventually ensuring the structure and building last longer and remain sound.



 

 

 

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